Interpretation of upper atmosphere disturbances during and after prolong space whether events

This report presents the variability of upper atmosphere parameters during geomagnetic storms and solar proton events. We considered variations in the ionospheric electron density above individual stations and the global electron content based on observations and model calculations. We discussed the issue of model reproduction, interpretation of physical processes in the upper atmosphere and the influence of the atmosphere-ionosphere interaction on ionospheric disturbances during geomagnetic storms and solar proton events. A comparison of ionospheric variability obtained from the calculations of the upper atmosphere (GSM TIP) and whole atmosphere (EAGLE) models showed that the atmosphere-ionosphere interaction can play a key role in the ionospheric variability at mid-latitudes.